Longforms – Random Bits of Knowledge

From S&OP to Continuous Orchestration: Envisioning the Hybrid Enterprise of Humans and AI Agents

From calendar-driven cycles to signal-driven enterprise adaptation

enterprise architecture

This essay explores the evolution of enterprise planning from traditional Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) toward a paradigm of continuous orchestration, where humans and AI agents act as co-orchestrators of business activity. Classical S&OP, built on monthly cycles and calendar-driven governance, struggles in today’s environment of constant volatility, where signal latency translates into competitive disadvantage. Continuous orchestration reframes the enterprise as a complex adaptive…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Dec 21, 2025
Keywords	S&OP, continuous orchestration, hybrid enterprise, AI agents, CARO, VAOP, tactical vs strategic planning, human–AI collaboration, organizational governance, adaptive systems

From Planning to Orchestration: Reimagining the Enterprise Beyond S&OP

Designing the continuously orchestrated enterprise

enterprise architecture

This essay argues that classic S&OP and its enterprise-wide evolution, IBP, are reaching their limits in environments defined by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. The calendar-bound ontology of plan first, execute later presumes periodic equilibria; today’s enterprises operate in continuous flow. Enabled by AI, IoT, digital twins, and agent-based simulation, planning is dissolving into an always-on, distributed negotiation among humans and digital agents. The paper traces…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Dec 20, 2025
Keywords	continuous orchestration, S&OP, IBP, enterprise architecture, VUCA, signal-driven enterprise, rolling forecasts, digital twins, AI agents & automation, IoT, agent-based simulation, cybernetics & feedback loops, governance & decision rights, resilience & adaptability, control towers, concurrent planning, systems thinking, organizational culture, sensemaking, orchestration vs. choreography

Comprehensive Guide to Sales & Operations Planning, Sales & Operations Execution and Master Production Scheduling

From Planning Cycles to Organisational Capability: How Integrated Planning Evolves Through Execution, Feedback and Learning

enterprise architecture

This essay presents a comprehensive, end-to-end framework for Sales & Operations Planning (S&OP), Sales & Operations Execution (S&OE), and Master Production Scheduling (MPS) as an integrated planning hierarchy that links strategic intent with operational execution. Drawing on academic literature, industry standards, and practitioner experience, it provides a structured guide for organisations designing or formalising these processes from the ground up. The report details objectives…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Dec 19, 2025
Keywords	S&OP, S&OE, MPS, IBP, demand planning, supply planning, capacity planning, forecast accuracy, cross-functional governance, ERP and APS, operational resilience, supply chain execution

Beyond the Hype: What Microsoft’s Copilot Data Really Says About AI at Work

From lofty predictions to real-world clicks: what AI usage data reveals about job impact and the new governance of human–agent organizational models

enterprise architecture

machine learning

This essay critically examines Microsoft’s recent study on the occupational implications of generative AI, which leverages large-scale Copilot usage telemetry and O*NET task mappings to produce an empirically grounded AI Applicability Score across job families. The methodology’s strengths and limitations are analyzed in depth, emphasizing its departure from capability-first projections toward observed integration patterns. Results reveal uneven adoption: high uptake in information-dense…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Aug 10, 2025
Keywords	generative AI, occupational impact, process allocation, AI applicability score, organizational flattening, CARO governance, VAOP, human–agent collaboration, enterprise AI strategy, AI-driven organizational change, task-level AI adoption, agent orchestration, enterprise resource governance, robotics

Darwin Gödel Machine: A Commentary on Novelty and Implications

From formal proofs to empirical evolution: re-energizing self-improving AI with the Darwin Gödel Machine

machine learning

Autonomous, self-improving artificial intelligence has long been a theoretical aspiration, yet practical implementations have remained elusive because formal proof–based self-modification is computationally intractable. The recently proposed Darwin Gödel Machine (DGM) breaks this impasse by replacing formal proofs with empirical validation and embedding self-referential code rewriting within an open-ended evolutionary framework. This commentary situates DGM historically—tracing a lineage from…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Jun 2, 2025
Keywords	Darwin Gödel Machine, self-improving AI, open-ended evolution, empirical validation, meta-learning, agentic AI, evolutionary computation, recursive self-modification, AI safety, autonomous software engineering

Beyond the Urgency: A Commentary on Dario Amodei’s Vision for AI Interpretability

Exploring the path from sparse features to a global cognitive safety regime

machine learning

Frontier AI systems are sprinting toward super-human cognition, yet their inner goals and reasoning remain opaque. Building on Dario Amodei’s 2025 call to action, this essay argues that interpretability—an “AI-MRI” capable of revealing latent concepts and causal chains—has become the decisive bottleneck for technical safety, regulation, and public trust. We show why transparency is essential to verify alignment, arm policymakers with concrete evidence, unlock liability-sensitive markets, and…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Apr 25, 2025
Keywords	AI interpretability and transparency, AI alignment challenges, cognitive safety frameworks, frontier AI systems, explainable AI

Beyond Human Data: A Critical Examination of Silver & Sutton’s “Welcome to the Era of Experience”

How experiential learning could turn the world into AI’s ultimate training ground

Artificial‑intelligence research is poised on the brink of what David Silver and Richard S. Sutton label the Era of Experience—a paradigm in which autonomous agents learn primarily from their own, richly grounded interactions with the world rather than from static corpora of human‑generated data. Their white‑paper manifesto sets out an exhilarating vision that promises super‑human competence, scientific discovery, and new social contracts between humans and machines. Yet the manifesto also…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Apr 25, 2025
Keywords	experiential AI, reinforcement Learning, autonomous agents, grounded intelligence, AI alignment

Python: Bridging the Gap Between Human Thought and Machine Code

Reflections on Python and English languages

This essay explores Python’s role as an interface language, serving as an intuitive bridge between human cognitive processes and lower-level programming constructs. Through an analysis of Python’s design philosophy, abstraction capabilities, and widespread adoption across various domains, we illustrate how Python functions effectively as an interface between human reasoning and machine operations. Moreover, we discuss Python’s appeal to non-professional programmers, its ability to integrate…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Oct 5, 2024
Keywords

Sudoku and Satisfiability Modulo Theories

You can solve it the standard way or… with Python and math

We explore the fundamental concepts of SAT (Boolean Satisfiability Problem) and SMT (Satisfiability Modulo Theories), which are key tools in computer science for solving complex logical and mathematical problems. SAT focuses on determining whether there exists a True/False assignment to variables that satisfies a logical formula, while SMT extends this by incorporating additional mathematical structures like integers, arrays, and functions. We will understand how these tools are used in…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Sep 6, 2024
Keywords	satisfiability modulo theories, sudoku

The Relationship Between Category Theory, Lambda Calculus, and Functional Programming in Haskell

The power of compositionality

This post explores the deep connections between functional programming, lambda calculus, and category theory, with a particular focus on composability, a foundational principle in both mathematics and software engineering. Haskell, a functional programming language deeply rooted in these mathematical frameworks, serves as the practical implementation of these concepts, demonstrating how abstract theories can be applied to build robust, scalable, and maintainable software systems. We present…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Aug 12, 2024
Keywords	category theory, functional programming, Haskell, lambda calculus

Harnessing Focus: Merging AI and Market Dynamics

The attention paradigm: bridging natural language processing and economic theory

machine learning

This essay explores the intersection of attention mechanisms in natural language processing (NLP) and attention economics, emphasizing how both fields manage information by prioritizing relevance. Drawing inspiration from William James’s insight that attention shapes our experience, it examines how attention mechanisms in NLP enable AI models to focus on critical parts of input data, improving tasks like machine translation and text summarization. The historical development of these mechanisms…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Jul 31, 2024
Keywords

AI as Important as Fire, Generative AI as the Printing Press, Autonomous Agents as the Wheel – What’s Next?

On finding the right metaphors to frame current and future revolutions

machine learning

We explore metaphors illustrating the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on human civilization. Sundar Pichai compares AI to fire and electricity, emphasizing its profound potential and dual nature—capable of immense benefits but also presenting significant ethical challenges such as privacy concerns and job displacement. Generative AI is likened to the printing press, democratizing content creation and ushering in a new era of intellectual renaissance, yet raising questions…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Feb 11, 2024
Keywords

Color Space Sampling 101

How to uniformly sample a color space?

The evolution of color spaces is a testament to the intersection of art, science, and technology. Each color space has been developed to meet specific needs - from artistic expression and print media to digital interfaces and scientific research. Understanding these spaces is crucial for professionals in fields like photography, design, and digital media, where color accuracy and consistency are paramount.

Antonio Montano

Modified	Feb 11, 2024
Keywords

Homomorphic Encryption for Developers

Unlocking data privacy with powerful cryptographic techniques

As data privacy becomes a critical concern in the digital era, cryptographic innovations such as Homomorphic Encryption are paving the way for secure and private data processing. HE allows computations on encrypted data without decryption, enabling privacy-preserving operations across diverse fields like healthcare, finance, cloud computing, and blockchain. This tutorial explores the principles of HE, its different flavors, and its integration with complementary techniques like Differential…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Dec 30, 2023
Keywords	cryptography, homomorphic encryption, RSA

Singletons in Python

Ensuring a single instance for shared resources

The singleton pattern is a creational design pattern that ensures a class has only one instance while providing a global point of access to that instance. This post explores the concept of singletons in Python, exploring various implementation methods including naive approaches, base classes, decorators, and metaclasses. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using singletons, their impact on design principles like the Single Responsibility Principle, and provide thread-safe…

Antonio Montano

Modified	Dec 11, 2023
Keywords